Translation of Winter Count
from the St. Alphausus Chapel Journal Ledger
Day Star Research
1320 E. Lake Bluff Blvd.
Shorewood WI 53211-1536
(414) 963-0288
linea.sundstrom@gmail.com
June 2003
Translation and notes copyright 2003 by Linea Sundstrom.
The St. Alphausus Chapel winter count occupies 8 pages (4 leaves) of a lined ledger book associated with St. Alphausus Chapel and dated 1911. The entries are written in Lakota. The original is housed at the archives of the Oglala Lakota College library, catalog number SC 35.
This book contains one or two partial Oglala winter counts and one complete Oglala winter count. Many of the entries in the first winter count are virtually identical to the No Ears winter count collected by James R. Walker at Pine Ridge, a version of which was translated into English by Ella C. Deloria. The entries in the St. Alphausus Chapel ledger are not just in accordance with the sequence of events given in No Ears, but use nearly identical language for each year name. At least eight other versions of the No Ears winter count are known; this was a “standard” Oglala winter count. No Ears lived from ca. 1853-1918 and was one of Walker’s consultants on Oglala history and traditions (McCoy 1983:91). Obviously, the events listed for years after 1918 are not No Ears; thus, someone else must have updated the winter count.
The format of the St. Alphausus ledger is confusing. The first winter count occupies four sequent right-hand pages, than continues on the next left-hand page. These pages are labeled at the top as No. 2 through No. 5. Page 5 (as labeled) contains three sets of dates: two in columns to the left of the year names and one in the column to the right of the year names. The dates to the right of the year names are the correct years for the events listed. The year numbering sequence in the column at the left edge of the page begins with 1788. It continues on the previous three pages through 1919, but contains year names only for the years labeled 1788-1804 [actual years 1897-1913], 1807 [1918], 1812 [1921], 1819-1820 [1929-1930] and 1887-1913. The final page, with numbers 1887-1914 and actual entries for 1887-1913, has entries that match the dates listed. Because the correct dates [listed to the right of the year names] on Page 5 go from 1897 to 1932, with entries for 1897-1913, 1918, 1921, and 1929-30, there are duplicate entries for the years 1887-1919. In other words, the entries on the last page (with listed dates of 1887-1919) are a portion of a second winter count. Some of these events are the same as those listed in the first winter count and some are different. This suggests that two different people maintained the two winter counts.
The sets of dates appearing next to text entries do not always correspond to the entries; one set is off by 11 or 12 years and another by two years. Some dates omit numerals, especially zeros, making them a bit tricky to interpret. For example, the year 1801 may be shown as 181. Whether this indicates unfamiliarity with Arabic numbering on the part of the record-keeper or a simple error in writing is impossible to know. The ledger includes a few notations, mostly recording births and deaths; however, there are so few of these that it seems unlikely that the book was intended as a birth or death ledger. Winter counts were used to calculate individual’s ages, but nothing specifically indicates such a use for this document.
As mentioned, the first of the winter counts begins on the right-hand page labeled “No. 2” and continues on the right-hand pages labeled “No. 3” and “No. 4.” starts with the year 1795 (written in the manuscript as 175) and ends with the year 1940, according to the dates written to the right of the year names. The dates from 1795-1860 should be two years later—that is, 1797 to 1829. For some reason, the dates given in the right hand column skip the years from 1861 to 1873. This is a mistake; the years, as listed, form a continuous sequence from 1797 to 1913. The years from 1795-1906 [manuscript numbers] or 1797-1895 [corrected dates] are numbered from 34-132 on the left hand sides of each page, with no numbers missing from the sequence. This numbering sequence continues from 133-158 on a page with entries for 1887-1913. Here the manuscript dates and actual dates of the events agree. This page continues with dates from 1914-1919, but no entries are recorded for these years.
The second, fragmentary, winter count occupies only one page, with the notation “97 Years” at the top. This is the page opposite the page labeled “No. 2.” Another fragmentary list occurs on the right-hand page opposite that labeled “No. 5.” This lists the dates 1930-1940, with entries for 1932-33 and 1935-1937. This sequence does not match either of the other winter counts; thus, it may represent a third, very fragmentary count; however, it is equally possible that it continues the first winter count. Although the listed years 1930-1932 overlap, no years are duplicated in the actual entries.
I do not know the significance of the two “extra” lists of dates on the page labeled “No. 5”—i.e., those that do not correspond with the text that follows them.
The location of the St. Alphausus Chapel and its connection with the ledger book, if any, are not known. It is possible that someone (Walker, perhaps) simply commissioned the recording of No Ears’s winter count from the historian himself, and the book used for this ended up somehow with the St. Alphausus Chapel papers. Nothing in the winter count itself would connect the document with the chapel or with mission activities.
Here, the text of the winter count, including numbers, is given first, followed by an English translation. Additional notes follow in parentheses. This analysis used the version of the No Ears winter count collected by Walker and annotated by Ray DeMallie ( Walker 1982). Other winter counts mentioned in the notes are the John Coloff winter count (Powers 1963), Robinson’s Sioux Calendar (Robinson 1925), Red Horse Owner (Karol 1969).
I was unable to translate a few year names. The Lakota text is not written in standard Lakota orthography; thus, it is difficult to reconstruct it either phonetically or in terms of today’s written Lakota. In some places, the handwriting is ambiguous. No attempt has been made here to correct the text or to rewrite it in standard orthography.
St. Alphausus Chapel Winter Count #1
[right side page, labeled “33 No. 2”—opposite left side page with notation “97 years” at top]
34 Wapahahinton wan ktepi 175
One wearing a warbonnet was killed.
(No Ears gives this for 1797.)
35 Wakantanka winyan waneyayapi. 176
They took a god woman with them.
(No Ears gives this for 1798.)
36 Wi ikluśaha ota tapi. 177
Many pregnant women died.
(No Ears 1799.)
37 Tacanta yute śni wa ican. 178
Eats No Heart did a ceremony.
(No Ears 1800.)
38 Nasicasli. 179
Measles or smallpox.
(No Ears for 1801.)
39 Waśicu wan waśte hin 1710
Good white person came.
(No Ears 1802.)
40 Śa hemaza awica klipi. 181 [overwritten as 171]
The brought back iron horseshoes.
(No Ears: they brought home iron-shod horses, 1803.)
41 Śungugu awicaklipi. 182
They brought back curly haired horses.
(No Ears 1804. This refers to wooly-haired horses.)
42 Tasita on akin ci lo. wanpi. 183
They sang over them with animal tails.
(No Ears 1805. This refers to use of horse tails in the Making Relatives, or Alowanpi ceremony. In other versions of the ceremony, feathers, rather than tails, were attached to the wands waved over the adoptees' heads.)
43 Śaklo gan akin wica ktepi. 184
Eight were killed together.
(No Ears 1806.)
44 Wanbli huwa eya wicaktepi. 185
They killed the eagle hunters.
(No Ears 1806.)
45 Okle luta on wani tkob akin ktepi. 186
Red Shirt was killed back at the camp.
(No Ears says that a man wearing a red shirt was killed by the enemy who followed him back to camp, 1808.)
46 Śina to atkuhu Palani ktepi. 187
Blue Blanket’s father was killed by Pawnees.
(No Ears says Blue Blanket’s father was killed by Arikaras, 1809. The Arikaras and Skiri Pawnees were divisions of the same tribe; thus, the same term is sometimes used for both.)
47 Capa ciga ti ile. 188
Little Beaver’s house burned.
(No Ears 1809. This was a white trader, probably Loisel.)
48 Site wakśupi a wicaklipi. 189
They captured ones with beaded tails.
(No Ears 1811. This refers to capturing horses with decorated tails.)
49 Palani tob wicaktepi. 1810
They killed four Pawnees.
(No Ears 1812.)
50 Cokon tanka atkuku Palani ktepi. 1811
Big in the Middle’s father was killed by Pawnees.
(No Ears 1813 says canku tanka atkuku Palani ktepi, Big Road’s father was killed by Arikaras.)
51 Witapahatu wanhakugapi. 1812
They smashed the Kiowa’s skull.
(No Ears 1814. This event ended an intended peace conference near Scott’s Bluff.)
52 Itazipko titanka otipi. 1813
No Bows band lived in a house.
(No Ears 1815.)
53 Ake otipi. 1814
They lived there again.
(No Ears 1816.)
54 Canśe ca onkikagapi. 1815
Dry wood for building for one.
(No Ears 1817.)
55 Nawicasli tanka. 1816
Big smallpox.
(No Ears 1818 says only Nawicasli, smallpox or measles.)
56 Canpunpun antikagapi. 1817
They made a house of rotten wood .
(Robinson’s Sioux Calendar notes construction of LaConte trading post at Fort Pierre, 1819-1820; No Ears 1819.)
57 Wan nu blas wicicaśke hin cagapi. 1818
Only Two Arrows [decorated] strips made.
(No Ears 1820 gives wan nunblala wicicaske cagapi, they made sashes for Only Two Arrows. This probably refers to warrior society sashes. It is not clear whether Only Two Arrows was the name of a person or the name of a warrior society. The Colhoff winter count indicates the former and that the man was a grandfather of Red Cloud [Powers 1963:29].)
58 Wacacpi wan hoton hinyaye. 1819
A star passed by crying out.
(Robinson notes that Pierre Chouteau recovered the meteorite and broke it up for museum specimens; No Ears 1821.)
59 Waskula hunśpan 1820
Peeler broke his leg.
(No Ears 1822; other winter count texts suggest that this white trader, nicknamed “Whittler,” froze his leg.)
60 Wakmiza śeca ota. 1821
Much dry corn.
(Leavenworth’s 1823 attack on the Arikara; No Ears 1823.)
61 Yeye hmunga ktepi. 1822
A sender was killed by witchcraft.
(This may refer to the oft-cited black-magic killing of Swan’s horses, or a different exhibition of sorcerors’ powers. No Ears 1824 gives yeyela rmuga ktepi, Sender was killed by witchcraft. This is Ella Deloria’s translation. The name “sender” implies that the individual mentally threw or sent something that could injure or kill others.)
62 Mni wicate. 1823
A killing flood.
(No Ears 1825. A village camped in the Missouri bottomlands was flooded when an ice dam broke.)
63 Ka iwojo kli. 1824
“Kaiwa” came home whistling.
(No Ears 1826 gives Kaiwa gli ta, Kaiwa came home and died. This refers to a group of men who died from eating spoiled meat; only one, Kiowa [?], came back alive. The “whistling” perhaps means he was passing gas violently.)
64 Psa ohanpi. 1825
Snowshoe winter.
(No Ears 1827.)
65 Mniwatani ota wicaktepi. 1826
They killed many Mandans at once.
(No Ears 1828.)
66 Ite klega wa akśi je. 1827
Spotted Face held on
(When Spotted Face killed his son-in-law for abusing his daughter, he would not let go of the corpse. No Ears 1829.)
[right side page labeled “No. 3, 33”]
67 Pte san ota wicaopi. 1828
They killed many white buffalo cows.
(No Ears 1830).
68 Iśta zila tiwicakte. 1829
Yellow Eyes was killed at home.
(Thomas Lestang Sarpy was killed in an explosion, 1831. No Ears 1931 gives ble stan ġu waniyetu, Red Lake burned during winter. Red Lake, ble stan, was the Lakota rendering of Leston.)
69 He wanji cahuha wega. 1830
One Horn broke his leg.
(No Ears 1832. Distraught over his son’s death, One Horn committed suicide by attacking a buffalo bull.)
70 Wicarpi okin camna. 1831
Storm of stars.
(Leonid meteor shower, November 13, 1833.)
71 Śa inyela ob kincizapi. 1832
The Cheyennes fought with them.
(Red Horse Owner gives this event for 1834; Robinson for 1834-35. No Ears 1834 reports a different event: the killing of a returning Cheyenne.)
72 Tatanka wan cepa opi. 1833
They took a fat buffalo bull.
(No Ears 1835.)
73 Caha kincininpi. 1834
They fought across the ice.
(No Ears 1836.)
74 Ite kepi śahinya tiyapa ktepi. 1835
Face Painted Partly Red was killed at home.
(No Ears 1837.)
75 Śunknaśkinyan yanyan cica wante. 1836
Mad Dog’s child died.
(For 1838, Red Horse Owner says Mad Dog prayed—that is, he raised a war party to avenge his son’s death. No Ears 1838 gives Śunk gnaśkiya cinca wan ktepi, Mad Wolf’s child was killed.)
76 Wicakincan watakpe ai. 1837
They went to fight while starving.
(No Ears 1839. A war party ran out of food on the return home.)
77 Oglala śunka kan ota awicaklipi. 1838
Oglala brought back many horses.
78 Śunknakpogi ota awicaklipi. 1839
They brought back many brown-eared horses.
(No Ears 1841 says they caused many brown-eared horses to die. Deloria’s copy indicated that they brought the horses back, not that they caused them to die. These were white horses with reddish brown coloring inside the ears.)
79 Wiyaka owin śukyuha najin wakte. 1840
Feather Earrings killed a horse herder.
(Red Horse Owner says, Feather Earring prayed—that is, raised a war party. For 1842-43, Robinson’s Sioux Calendar says Shoshone killed Feather in the Ear. For 1840, No Ears refers to the killing of two of Little Thunder’s brothers. For 1841, No Ears agrees with above record.)
80 Wawakan wan a klipi. 1841
They brought back a sacred object.
(No Ears 1843 says wayaka aglipi, they brought a captive home. Both versions refer to the Oglalas and Brules recovering the Cheyenne Sacred Arrow from the Pawnees and returning it to the Cheyennes.)
81 Kangi bloka akinktepi. 1842
Male Crow was killed returning.
(No Ears 1844.)
82 Tatanka gi akinktepi. 1843
Brown Bull was killed returning.
(Other winter counts refer to the man as White Bull. No Ears 1845 records measles or smallpox.)
83 Hohe waśte sunka hucicpi hiye. 1844
Good Voice Elk caused his horse to be left.
(I think this is incorrect; Short Man 1845 gives Hoka waśte sunkaku eipiyapi, The left behind Good Heron’s younger brother. No Ears 1846 records the killing of a man with white testicles.)
84 Winyan wanwayaka eyayapi. 1845
They said a woman was shot taken captive.
(No Ears 1847 records the stabbing death of Crow Eagle.)
85 Winkte wan ktepi. 1846
A winkte was killed.
(No Ears gives this event for 1848. A war party captured a Crow woman who turned out to be a man in woman’s clothing, so they killed him.)
86 Nawicatipe. 1847
Cramps.
(No Ears gives this for 1849; Asiatic cholera contracted from emigrants on the Oregon Trail.)
87 Śunkaka in wan ktepi. 1848
Horse Blanket was killed.
(Short Man 1849 gives Sicili wan śunka ha qin ca ktepi, they killed a Pawnee who had a dog or wolf skin.)
88 Wakpamnipi tanka. 1849
Big distribution.
(This was the 1851 Fort Laramie council. No Ears 1851.)
89 Waniyetu wa sme. 1850
Winter of deep snow.
(No Ears 1852.)
90 He topa on wan ktepi. 1851
Four Horns was killed.
(No Ears 1853 refers to a bear coming into camp to steal a virgin.)
91 Mato wayuhin ktepi. 1852
includes notation: Cecan [?] Wings 59
Conquering Bear was killed.
(The assassination of Conquering Bear that precipitated the Grattan Fight, 1853. No Ears 1853.)
92 Wicayajipa wa akśije. 1853
includes notation: Two Horse
Wasp held them.
(Refers to General Harney, “Hornet” holding Lakota hostages. No Ears 1855.)
93 Kangi wicaśa okinju. 1854
Crows people gathered.
(No Ears 1856.)
94 Waśicu zila gu . 1855
The American “Yellow” burned.
(No Ears 1857 refers to killing 10 Crows.)
95 Taśina gi ktepi. 1856
includes notation: “Long Woman 55”
Brown Robe was killed.
(No Ears 1858.)
96 Kangi tanka ktepi. 1857
Big Crow was killed.
(No Ears 1859).
97 Hokśicala hocpa sotapi. 1858
Includes notation: “Susie”
The babies were used up by whooping cough.
(No Ears 1860 says hokśila ota tapi, many children died.)
98 Makopo tanka. 1859
Big dust storm.
(No Ears 1861 refers to killing of Spotted Horse.)
99 Hokśicala wan tiwekna akin waśpapi.1860
A youngster was scalped near the camp.
(No Ears 1862 says only that the boy was scalped.)
[right-side page; labeled “26, No. 4, 53”]
100 Śa klo gan akin wicaktepi. 1874
Eight were killed together.
(No Ears 1863.)
101 Psa tob wicaktepi. 1875
They killed four Crows.
(No Ears 1864.)
102 Śunksotapi. 1876
The horses were used up.
(No Ears 1865.)
103 Waśicu opawige wicaktepi. 1877
They killed 100 white men.
(Fetterman Fight of 1866; No Ears 1866.)
104 Tihin wan ktepi. 1878
One was killed in the camp.
(No Ears 1867 gives Susuni wa ti hi ktepi, a Shoshoni who entered the camp was killed.)
105 Puntihin sapa wolakota. 1879
Black Beard made a treaty with them.
(1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. No Ears 1868 refers to an unrelated event: Horned Thunder being left behind.)
106 Winurcala wan canka te. 1880
An old woman was killed by a tree.
(Red Horse Owner 1870; No Ears 1869.)
107 Canku wankatuya ktepi. 1881
High Back was killed.
(No Ears 1870, refers to the death of Hump.)
108 Canrarake tamni śni. 1882
No three backbones.
(No Ears 1871 gives Canrarake tannin śni, Buffalo Hump was lost.)
109 Anunk ouza Psa 2 ktepi. 1883
Double Ass killed two Crows.
(No Ears 1872.)
110 Scili ota wicaktepi. 1884
They killed many Skiri Pawnees.
(No Ears 1873 gives Omaha nonp wicaktepi, they killed two Omahas.)
111 Ehaheho wakatan ai. 1885
For the last time they crossed the river.
(No Ears 1874.)
112 Wakluge śakowin akin wicaktepi. 1886
Seven Loafers were killed at once.
(No Ears 1875.)
113 Pehin hanska wicaktepi. 1887
Long Hair [Custer] was killed.
(Actual date was 1876. No Ears refers to the confiscation of Red Cloud’s horses.)
114 Taśunke witko ktepi. 1889
Crazy Horse was killed.
(Actual date was 1877. No Ears 1877.)
115 Śahin yela tiyowo wicasatapi. 1890
Cheyennes were caused to die at the soldier fort.
(Actual date of Cheyenne Outbreak was 1878. No Ears 1878 gives Śahiyela wakan wan ktepi, a holy Cheyenne was killed.)
116 Sunkmanitu kleśka ktepi. 1890
Spotted Wolf was killed.
(No Ears 1879.)
117 Siha blaska tawicu ku kte. 1891
Flat Foot’s wife was shot?
(No Ears 1880 gives Susu gleśka ktepi, Spotted Testicles was killed. Iron Crow 1880 gives Siha blaska ti wicakte, Flat Foot was murdered.)
118 Site kleśka ktepi. 1892
includes the note: “Viola”
Spotted Tail was killed.
(Actual date was 1881; No Ears 1881.)
119 Okan akli. 1893
Slow came back? They came back slowly?
(No Ears 1882 gives Canceġa cinca wan icikte, Drum’s child committed suicide.)
120 Ehake wiwanyank wacinpi. 1894
The last Sun Dance.
(No Ears 1883 reports the death of Charcoal Face.)
121 Tatanka ska tawi cukin kte. 1895
White Bull killed his wife.
(No Ears 1884.)
122 Peta wicaśa wanmani eihpeyapi. 1896
They threw out the fire man.
(No Ears 1885. This year name refers to Agent McGillycuddy’s banning T.A. Bland of the Indian Rights Association from Pine Ridge Reservation. Bland published a newspaper call the Council Fire.)
123 Tatanka wankatuya wanuktepi. 1897
High Bull was killed accidentally.
(No Ears 1886 reports accidental death of Turns Over.)
124 Cetan gi wanutiwicakte. 1898
Brown Hawk accidentally was killed.
(No Ears 1887 reports accidental killing of Holy.)
125 Wanagi yuha anaptapi. 1899
They broke open the Ghost-Keeping bundles.
(No Ears 1888 gives waparta yublecapi, they opened bundles. This refers to the prohibition of the Spirit-Keeping Ceremony, which the government agents thought impoverished the Indians.)
126 Wicahpi yamni wolakota. 1900
Three Stars [Crook] made peace.
(Actual date was 1889. No Ears 1889 refers to suicide of Red Shirt’s sister.)
127 Anpan kleśka ktepi. 1901
Spotted Daylight was killed.
(May refer to 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre. No Ears 1890 gives Si tanka ktepi, Big Foot was killed.)
128 Makamani akincita kagapi. 1902
They made them infantry soldiers.
(Actual date was 1891. No Ears 1891. Refers to recruitment of Indians as government scouts during the Ghost Dance scare.)
129 Wapaha sapa canpahui yanyanca te. 1903
Black Warbonnet was run over by a wagon and killed.
(This happened in 1892. This event is reported in Iron Crow for 1893. No Ears 1892 refers to Two Sticks killing some white cowboys.)
130 Owaya wankanka wan ile. 1904
The big school burned.
(Actual date was February 1893. This was the Oglala Boarding School.)
131 Cannubayuha Panakseyapi. 1905
Has Two Sticks was hanged.
(Hanging of Two Sticks in 1894. The man was hanged in Deadwood, South Dakota, after being convicted for the murder of the cowboys.)
132 Omniciye tanka wan toka iconpi. 1906
includes the note: “Arthur”
A big gathering was selected.
(Tribal council of February 1896 at which delegates were elected to go to Washington, D.C., to conduct negotiations with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.)
[left side page; labeled “No. 5, 34 year”]
1788 1907 Zitka laska wayasu te. 1897 34
White Bird was crushed to death.
(No Ears reports death of Zitkala ska for 1896.)
1789 1908 Ohla lahin aran wita haśka pi. 1898 35
Oglalas had an extended gathering?
(No Ears 1897 refers to the protest burning of the slaughterhouse at Pine Ridge.)
1790 1909 Mato mayu hin te. 1899 36
Startled Bear died.
(No Ears 1898 refers to fencing the Pine Ridge Reservation.)
1791 1910 Wakpamni anaptapi. 190 37
The distribution was stopped.
(No Ears 1900.)
1792 1911 Kagapi owahin cin zapi. 191 38
(No Ears 1901 refers to smallpox.)
1793 1912 Niyan ho waha ta i. 192 39
Breathes Aloud was buried (and died)?
(No Ears 1902 refers to disappearance of an old woman.)
1794 1903 Ta sirahu te wirahtepi. 193 40
Deer hunters were murdered.
(No Ears 1903. This refers to killing of some Oglala hunters in Wyoming.)
1795 1904 Mahinyutehin toka hin. 194 41
First land allotment surveys.
(No Ears 1904. This began in August 1904.)
1796 1905 Sapa wita śa owita yupepi. 195 42
Utes were gathered up?
(No Ears for 1906 gives sapa wicaśa owicayuśpapi, Utes were captured. Refers to a group of Utes who sought refuge amount the Sioux of South Dakota in 1906.)
1797 1906 Hse ihanke ra ran te. 196 43
1798 1907 [indistinct] 197 44
1799 1908 Amecanhorse . 198 45
Death of American Horse.
180 1909 Waśi rutaśunke. 199 46
American Horse.
(No Ears gives this for 1908.)
181 1910 Marpiya luta te. 1910 47
Red Cloud died.
182 1911 Jau jau ye la. 1911 48
Glass?
183 1912 [indistinct] 1912 49
184 1913 Mata hohi pa pi 1913 50
Afraid of Bear.
(No Ears lists death of Afraid of Bear for 1911.)
185 1914 1914 51
186 1915 1915 52
187 1916 66 years 1916 53
188 1917 1917 54
189 1918 Cetan inyanke 10-26 1918 55
Runninig Hawk.
1810 1919 1919 56
1811 1920 1920 57
1812 1921 Wainniyo [???] ska 5-28__ 1921 58
[I could not decipher this notation.]
1813 1922 1922 59
1814 1923 1924 60
1815 1924 1925 61
1816 1925 1926 62
1817 1926 1927 63
1818 1927 1928 64
1819 1928 Waha cankasapa. 1929 65
Black Shield.
1820 1929 L. Bull 6-18__ 1930 66
1931
1932
Continuation of St. Alphausus Chapel Winter Count #1
or Fragment of St. Alphausus Chapel Winter Count #3
[right side page, not labeled; opposite page labeled “No. 5”]
1930
1931
1932 Cetan iyota ka. 3-26-1932
Sitting Hawk.
1933 Kangin waku wa. 1-15-1933
Hunting Crow.
1934
1935 Tatanka Bte cela iye cin kinyan __ te .
Bull Lake’s [or Bull Cow’s] child died (or committed suicide).
(I’m not sure of this translation!)
1936 Philip L. Kills mnite.
Philip L. Kills drowned.
1937 Hunhan tanka tawicuwinte 7-12—
Big Hide Scraping’s wife died?
1938
1939
1940
Fragment of St. Alphausus Chapel Winter Count #2
[left side page; not labeled; matches page labeled “26, No. 4, 53”]
1821 67
1822 68
1823 69
1824 70
1825 71
1826 72
1827 73
1828 74
1829 75
1830 76
1831 77
1832 78
1833 79
1834 80
1835 April 1 – 1916, 7 clock he han 81
then, at that time
1836 82
1837 Moses Pehin sapa te 83
Moses Black Hair died.
1838 84
1839 April 2/16 7. clock he han 85
then, at that time
1840 86
1841 Hinhanska win telo. 87
Long Hair Woman died.
1842 88
1843 89
1844 90
1845 91
1846 92
1847 93
1848 94
1849 95
1850 96
1851 97
1852 98
1853 99
[unlabeled left side page; appears to match previous]
1854 100
1855 101
1856 102
1857 103
1858 104
1859 105
1860 106
1861 107
1862 108
1863 109
1864 110
1865 111
1866 112
1867 113
1868 114
1869 115
1870 116
1871 117
1872 118
1873 119
1874 120
1875 121
1876 122
1877 123
1878 124
1879 125
1880 126
1881 127
1882 128
1883 129
1884 130
1885 131
1886 132
[left side page: labeled “97 years”—matches to right side page “33 No. 2]
1887 High Bull wanu tiktepi 133
High Bull was accidentally killed at home.
1888 Cetan gin wanu tiwicakte. 134
Brown Hawk was murdered.
1889 Wanagin yuha ana Blopi. 135
Ghost-keeping bundles were opened.
1890 Wicarpi Yamni olakota. 136
Three Stars treated with the Lakotas.
(Three Stars was General Crook.)
1891 Anpan kleśka ktepi. 137
Speckled Daylight was killed.
1892 Maka mani akicitakagapi. 138
They made them infantry soldiers.
1893 Wapaha sapa wogan na te. 139
Black Warbonnet died in a wagon accident.
1894 Owaya tanka wan ile. 140
The big school burned.
1895 Can hub yuha ktepi. 141
Has Two Sticks was killed.
(Hanging of Two Sticks for the murder of two white cowboys.)
1896 Omniciye tanka icanyapi. 142
The sponsored a big gathering.
(Tribal council.)
1897 Zitkala ska wayasu te. 143
Judge White Bird died.
1898 Ohla la kin acan wica kaśkapi 144
When Oglala people were arrested?
(This may be incorrect; perhaps this refers to fencing lands on Pine Ridge Reservation.)
1899 Mato wayuhin te. 145
Startled Bear died.
1900 Wakpamnipi anaptepi. 146
The distribution was stopped.
1901 Kagopi owikincin zapi. 147
Allotments were drawn.
1902 Inyanko wakatan in. 148
Rattling stone was worn out [??].
1903 Tahca kute wicaktepi. 149
They killed the deer hunters.
1904 Makin yute hinhin toka. 150
First time they plowed?
(Red Horse owner shows division of lands.)
1905 Sapa wica śa owica yuspapi. 151
Utes were captured.
1906 Makin yuta wa icupi. 152
They received plows?
1907 Kse ihan cecancan te. 153
Shavings [or Kindling] died trembling.
(Malaria or other high fever?)
1908 Wiśicu taśunke te. 154
American Horse died.
1909 Miwakan yuha te. 155
Sword Owner died.
1910 Marpiya lute te. 156
Red Cloud died.
1911 Janjan yela hagu gapi. 157
They drew distinct boundaries [for allotments].
1912 Matohohinpapi tawaniyetu. 158
Falling Voice Bear? died in winter.
1913 Śunkasotapi waniyetu.
All the horses were used up in winter.
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
References Cited
Karol, Joseph S., 1969, Red Horse Owner's Winter Count, The Oglala Sioux 1786- 1968, Booster Publishing, Martin, SD.
McCoy, Ronald T., 1983, Winter Count: The Teton Chronicles to 1799, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of History, Northern Arizona University.
Powers, William, 1963, A Winter Count of the Oglala, American Indian Tradition, no. 52:27-37.
Robinson, Doane, 1925, Encylopedia of South Dakota, pp. 980-985.
Walker, James R., 1982, Lakota Society, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.